The hormone’s amino acid

Insulin, an endocrine hormone, is one of the most well-studied proteins synthesized by the human body. Its relatively simple structure and short amino acid sequence have made it a useful model for many protein studies. It is synthesized in beta cells of the pancreas through posttranslational cleavage of proinsulin, and released upon stimulation by elevated levels of glucose in the blood. Insulin plays an important role in regulating several anabolic processes, and is most well-known for lowering the level of blood sugar by promoting the uptake and storage of glucose by the liver.Deficiency of, or resistance to insulin, results in either of the two forms of diabetes mellitus, a chronic metabolic disorder whose occurrence has increased among humans, especially in the United States; yet to this day, there is no definite cure for either form of the disease. Type II diabetes in particular must be treated with combinations of several different approaches, including dietary management, weig ht loss programs, and oral or antidiabetic drugs, or possibly surgical procedures such as gastric bypass.This proposal discusses the potential of taurine (2-amino ethanesulfonic acid), which had previously been tested in studies on rats and mice, to raise levels of insulin sensitivity in human subjects with insulin resistance, and raises the possibility that taurine could be used in a supplemental form for the treatment of diabetes mellitus type II patients. Introduction The endocrine hormone insulin was the first protein whose amino acid sequence was completed. For his work on deciphering its structure, Fred Sanger won the 1958 Noble Prize.Its discovery is considered a landmark, proving that proteins have a unique and defined sequence of amino acids, which has since been termed the primary structure. Since then, insulin has been used as a model for many subsequent studies regarding the structure and properties of various proteins. It is the human body’s major anabolic hormon e, promoting reactions that lead to the uptake of glucose and its conversion into storage forms such as glycogen and triglycerides, while simultaneously inhibiting their breakdown for use as fuel. It also promotes the uptake of amino acids and the synthesis of proteins, promoting growth.Insulin was also the first protein to be synthesized using recombinant DNA in bacteria, and this technique has made possible the large scale production of supplemental insulin for use in one of the most serious metabolic diseases prevalent among humans, diabetes mellitus. The rising incidence of this disease, particularly in the United States, has drawn further interest into researching the intricacies of insulin and its role in regulating numerous anabolic body functions, as well as the various ways in which insulin’s functions can be regulated.Type II diabetes, the most common form of the disease, has no cure, and research is proceeding to look into several ways to increase sensitivity to in sulin in insulin-resistant individuals suffering from this form of diabetes. In particular, taurine, a derivative of the amino acid cysteine, has shown a promising ability to potentially lower obesity and insulin resistance in rats and mice, although so far there have been few test studies on humans. Compared to other, more complex proteins, insulin is relatively small.It has a compact and monomeric structure (although it is capable of forming dimers or hexamers under certain conditions), with a molecular weight of roughly 6 kDa. The structure of active insulin is made up of two linked chains, labeled A and B, connected by two disulfide bonds, with a third disulfide bond linking the A chain back onto itself. This is a structure typical of the insulin family or group of proteins, which includes other peptide hormones such as relaxin, mammalian Leydig cell-specific insulin-like peptide, early placenta insulin-like peptide, and insulin-like growth factors I and II in humans.Evolutionar ily related hormones belonging to this family have also been found in some insects and molluscs, and the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. The hormone’s amino acid sequence (specifically, the sequence of the A and B chains) is conserved to such a degree that in most mammals, insulin extracted from another species remains biologically active. For instance, insulin from pigs and even bacteria, has been used to treat human patients suffering from diabetes mellitus.

Different types of business information Essay

Verbal Communication Speaking verbal to someone is speaking out loud. This includes talking face to face, in a meeting or in an interview. The advantages of verbal communication are it is a fast way to reach information but this information can be easily forgotten. Another advantage is that speech is direct and straight to the point. Another advantage is that if you ask a question you get answer straight away no need to wait around. However they are some disadvantages if you are talking to someone it may not be legal to talk to about specific topics. Another disadvantage is they are no proof to say you have spoke to that person. Also if you are speaking to someone who does not speak English it is going to take time and money to get a translator. Also another disadvantage is not everyone is listening. Face to Face Speaking face to face is a good way to communicate because you are they talking to them and you can ask those questions and get a reply straight away, also if you didn’t understand something you could just ask them to repeat themselves. However they are some disadvantages, if the person you’re talking to speaks a different language, words can be misunderstood. Phone Call Making a phone call to someone has its advantages and disadvantages. The advantages of a phone call is you can tell someone information quick and easy and you would get an answer straight away. Another advantage is that you can get straight to the point and you can make a phone call anywhere. The disadvantages of making a phone call is your words could be misunderstood and your line could break up. Non-Verbal Communication Digital Email Email is very quick and a very easy way of getting in touch with other people. Once you send an email its sends instantly, so they will receive it a lot faster than if you would have sent it by a letter in the post. There are some disadvantages you need a secure internet link to send emails, also you have to type the correct email address in these complications mean many people prefer to make phone calls instead of emails. Non Digital Written Communication This is an old fashion way of communicating with other people, the advantages there is none we have faster and better technology to communicate. The disadvantages are is slow, the postal service takes up to 3 days just to deliver the letter that’s if it even gets to the address because nowadays post can get lost in the system.

African Literature Essay Example for Free (#2)

African Literature Essay ? Despite the ignorance of most so called â€Å"literati† to the domain of African literature, African literature in fact is one of the main currents of world literature, stretching continuously and directly back to ancient history. Achebe did not â€Å"invent† African Literature, because he himself was inundated with it as an African. He simply made more people aware of it. The Beginnings of African Literature The first African literature is circa 2300-2100, when ancient Egyptians begin using burial texts to accompany their dead. These include the first written accounts of creation – the Memphite Declaration of Deities. Not only that, but ‘papyrus’, from which we originate our word for paper, was invented by the Egyptians, and writing flourished. In contrast, Sub-Saharan Africa feature a vibrant and varied oral culture. To take into account written literary culture without considering literary culture is definitely a mistake, because they two interplay heavily with each other. African oral arts are â€Å"art’s for life’s sake† (Mukere) not European â€Å"art’s for art’s sake†, and so may be considered foreign and strange by European readers. However, they provide useful knowledge, historical knowledge, ethical wisdom, and creative stimuli in a direct fashion. Oral culture takes many forms: proverbs and riddles, epic narratives, oration and personal testimony, praise poetry and songs, chants and rituals, stories, legends and folk tales. This is present in the many proverbs told in Things Fall Apart, and the rich cultural emphasis of that book also is typically African. The earliest written Sub-Saharan Literature (1520) is heavily influenced by Islamic literature. The earliest example of this is the anonymous history of the city-state of Kilwa Kisiwani. The first African history, History of the Sudan, is written by Abd al-Rahman al-Sadi in Arabic style. Traveling performers, called griots, kept the oral tradition alive, especially the legends of the Empire of Mali. In 1728 the earliest written Swahili work,Utendi wa Tambuka borrows heavily from Muslim tradition. However, there are little to no Islamic presence in Things Fall Apart. The Period of Colonization With the period of Colonization, African oral traditions and written works came under a serious outside threat. Europeans, justifying themselves with the Christian ethics, tried to destroy the â€Å"pagan† and â€Å"primitive† culture of the Africans, to make them more pliable slaves. However, African Literature survived this concerted attack. In 1789, The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano, or Gustava Vassa was the first slave narrative to be published. Kidnapped from Nigeria, this Ibo man wrote his autobiography in Great Britain in English, and like Achebe used his narrative as a platform to attack the injustices of slavery and cultural destruction. Back in Africa, Swahili poetry threw off the dominating influence of Islam and reverted back to native Bantu forms. One exemplar of this was Utendi wa Inkishafi (Soul’s Awakening), a poem detailing the vanity of earthly life. The Europeans, by bringing journalism and government schools to Africa, helped further the development of literature. Local newspapers abounded, and often they featured sections of local African poetry and short stories. While originally these fell close to the European form, slowly they broke away and became more and more African in nature. One of these writers was Oliver Schreiner, whose novel Story of an African Farm (1883) is considered the first African classic analysis of racial and sexual issues. Other notable writers, such as Samuel Mqhayi and Thomas Mofolo begin portraying Africans as complex and human characters. Achebe was highly influenced by these writers in their human portrayal of both sides of colonization. Emerging from Paris in the 1920s and 1930s, the negritude movement established itself as one of the premiere literary movements of its time. It was a French-speaking African search for identity, which ofcourse took them back to their roots in Africa. Africa was made into a metaphorical antipode to Europe, a golden age utopia, and was often represented allegorically as a woman. In a 1967 interview, Cesaire explained: â€Å"We lived in an atmosphere of rejection, and we developed an inferiority complex. † The desire to establish an identity begins with â€Å"a concrete consciousness of what we are–†¦that we are black . . . and have a history. . . [that] there have been beautiful and important black civilizations†¦that its values were values that could still make an important contribution to the world. † Leopold Sedar Senghor, one of the prime thinkers of this movement, eventually became president of the country of Senegal, creating a tradition of African writers becoming active political figures. Achebe was doubtless familiar with the negritude movement, although he preferred to less surrealistic and more realistic writing. In 1948, African literature came to the forefront of the world stage with Alan Paton’s publishing of Cry the Beloved Country. However, this book was a somewhat paternalistic and sentimental portrayal of Africa. Another African writer, Fraz Fanon, also a psychiatrist, becomes famous in 1967 through a powerful analysis of racism from the African viewpoint – Black Skin, White Masks. Camara Laye explored the deep psychological ramification of being African in his masterpiece, The Dark Child (1953), and African satire is popularized by Mongo Beti and Ferdinand Oyono. Respected African literary critic Kofi Awoonor systematically collects and translates into English much of African oral culture and art forms, preserving native African culture. Chinua Achebe then presents this native African culture in his stunning work, Things Fall Apart. This is probably the most read work of African Literature ever written, and provides a level of deep cultural detail rarely found in European literature. Achebe’s psychological insight combined with his stark realism make his novel a classic. Post-Achebe African Literature Achebe simply opened the door for many other African literati to attain international recognition. East Africans produce important autobiographical works, such as Kenyans Josiah Kariuki’s Mau Mau Detainee (1963), and R. Mugo Gatheru’s Child of Two Worlds (1964). African women begin to let their voice be heard. Writers such as Flora Nwapa give the feminine African perspective on colonization and other African issues. Wole Soyinka writes her satire of the conflict between modern Nigeria and its traditional culture in her book The Interpreters (1965). A prolific writer, she later produces famous plays such as Death and The King’s Horseman. Later, in 1986, she is awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature. African Literature gains more and more momentum, and Professor James Ngugi even calls for the abolition of the English Department in the University of Nairobi, to be replaced by a Department of African Literature and Languages. African writers J. M. Coetzee, in his Life and Times of Michael K. written in both Afrikaans and English for his South African audience, confronts in literature the oppressive regime of apartheid. Chinua Achebe helps reunite African Literature as a whole by publishing in 1985 African Short Stories, a collection of African short stories from all over the continent. Another African writer, Naguib Mahfouz, wins the Nobel Prize in literature in 1988. In 1990 African poetry experiences a vital comeback through the work I is a Long-Memoried Woman by Frances Anne Soloman. African Literature is only gaining momentum as time marches onwards. African Literature. (2016, Dec 01).

Contemporary Issues in World Politics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Contemporary Issues in World Politics - Essay Example New theories have indicated that the mutual dependence between national-states and transnational political actors has expanded. From a traditional grouping, non-state actors can be classified into two groups; International non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and Intergovernmental Organizations (IGOs). IGOs consist of non-state actors established by the nation-states. The IGOs can be classified according to their roles; for example, economic, political, and environmental IGOs. NGOs can be established by a group of persons, and not the nation-states. NGOs play a vital role in nation-state and world politics through determination of policies. This assignment will critically analyze the view that non-state actors have become irrelevant to world politics. More specifically, it will cover the influential role of IGOs and NGOs in world politics. Critically analyze the proposition that non-state actors are irrelevant to world politics. Non-state actors play a significant role in foreign po licy formation of nation-states and influence their foreign policy behavior significantly. They gather in domestic and international settings and mobilize 2global and national public opinion. These non-state actors work in different states; therefore, the non-state actors can exploit nation-states against each other. Through the hiring of political leaders and bureaucrats, non-state actors use individual connections of their employees. This implies that they have a significant influence to politics in the world. It has become evident that the nation-states cannot do without the non-state actors in dealing with issues relating to climate change, food shortage, overpopulation, and poverty among other problems. These problems emanate from bureaucracy and domestic politics. Since IGOs are instruments of the states, they influence national-states in making political and bureaucratic policies, which help in solving the problems of the nation-states (Brown 1995, p. 57). Hence, they become an integral part of world politics. There exists a strong connection between the role of non-state actors and the distribution of power. Without proper exercise of power nation-states would become unruly; power is the principal variable that explains behavior of states (Bennet 1994, p. 43). Most international actors act with a self interest of what they will gain. However, the non-state actors play a significant role in observing the behavior changes of nation-states. The non-state actors ensure there is a total behavior change in the nation-states faced with power dilemmas. This means that; the non-state actors concentrate on a long term solution rather than concentrating on a short term solution in dealing with issues of powers dilemma in nation-states (Donelly 1994, p. 66). As a result, non-state actors play considerably significant role in world politics. Donelly (1994, p. 79)3 concludes that political scientists and neo-realists appreciate the role of non-state actors in politi cs of the world. The non-state actors’ role is significant in the international politics and has expanded internationally with the increasing level of nation-state interdependence. Increasing transactions and common concerns on global problems require collaboration between the nation-states and the transnational organizations. In most of the problems brought by political indifferences

Understanding business environments Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Understanding business environments - Essay Example These elements include; competitors, customers, suppliers, marketing intermediaries, the general public, the economy, distributors, regulations, social and cultural factors, government activities and demographics (Lucas 2011, p.24). The internal business environment consists of the factors that are present within the business and affect the operations of the business. The elements of the internal business environment are; management, employees, production capacity of the business, the business policies, structural organization of the business, objectives of the business, the composition of its board of directors and features of the human resource department. Although the elements of the internal business environment affect how the business runs, they are not fully included as elements of the environment. P4 An economic system refers to the organization of the economy is. In a nation’s point of view, an economic system can be defined as the limited supply of elements of production such as; land, labor, capital and natural resources influence or affect the production of goods and services in the country. Because of the scarcity of these factors of production the government of that country has to make the decision of how it will allocate these resources to competing claims. To make this decision, the government would need to evaluate the opportunity cost of production of different products. After comparing the opportunity costs of producing that product, the government then makes the decision to allocate resources for production. In a command economic system the allocation and distribution of resources to certain sectors of the economy is controlled by central organizing body, usually it is the government. The government in this economic system also controls the distribution of the produced goods and services. In this economic system, the government main agenda is to try to reduce or eliminate the pursuit of profits by the producers, and ensure that basic goods and services are produced on the basis of the consumer’s needs and wants. The resources here would be allocated efficiently on the basis of social goals. This means that they

Key drivers affecting health care organizations and the U.S. health Essay

Key drivers affecting health care organizations and the U.S. health care delivery system - Essay Example This paper will briefly discuss these issues, and find out how these reforms may positively affect key players in the healthcare system. One of the main drivers affecting healthcare organizations is cost. The cost of care in most healthcare organizations in the United States is considered to be the key driver affecting the manner in which most organizations operate. At the moment, countless people are not able to acquire quality medical attention due to its high cost (Garber & AHA, 2006). It is true that the cost of healthcare provision is going higher and not many people are capable of acquiring the effective and quality healthcare they desire. The second driver is the increase in need for healthcare employees. There is no question about the recent spell of reducing healthcare workers in the United States, which presents a tremendous challenge to the healthcare sector. Current and future implications of these drivers lie in the fact that patients may not get what they truly desire from the healthcare organizations or healthcare delivery systems. It is next to impossible to fully provide for a changing environment when negative progress riddles a system that is meant to cater to a large population. Furthermore, a reduction in healthcare workers means that a shortage looms in the horizon, which implies that countless other patients may receive the short end of the stick when it comes to efficient healthcare provision (Buchbinder & Shanks, 2011). One change that countless people would want enacted is the recruitment of more healthcare workers in the region. Also, a reduction in the cost of healthcare services may be a reform that most people would want to see enacted. These changes are crucial to the patient because, in the long run, they would be able to pay for the services they urgently need. Furthermore, they will not necessarily have

Hard news Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Hard news - Essay Example â€Å"I use acrylic paints because they are versatile, available in many shades, blend well and can be mixed with glazes or pastes for different effects. As I work fairly quickly, they are more suited to my style,† he says. â€Å"Angony is very quick when he works and he doesn’t like to be interrupted. I think that is why he doesn’t usually like to have people around while he’s ‘in the zone’† says neighbor Sheila Creeley. â€Å"But sometimes you’ll notice the green hat you were wearing or that thing that you were doing in one of his next paintings.† Primitive art recognizes that the underlying elements of human emotions can be deeply expressed through the colors and lines of the work more than the symbols and forms found in the image. By de-emphasizing focus on the image and channeling the emotional experience of the moment, primitive artists attempt to bridge any emotional distance introduced through cultural or social differences of symbol interpretation. This concept is perhaps best expressed by the words of Jean Francois Lyotard in his 1984 book The Postmodern Condition when he describes the process as an attempt â€Å"to make visible that there is something which can be conceived and which can neither be seen nor made visible.† This element is most often referred to as the sublime. For many artists, such as Angony, this sublime element is recaptured to the highest degree through the sense of wonder and imagination typically found through the focus on ‘primitive’ geometric forms. The movement toward primitive art was started by Pablo Picasso. As artists concentrated on the essence of the experience of the art and its creation instead of the symbolic form, they discovered that emotions were generally felt the same universally even when technical elements such as symbols, shapes or colors were understood differently by different cultures. This meant that the

The Impact Of Technology On Social Interactions Essay

The Impact Of Technology On Social Interactions - Essay Example Her concerns are based on the implications of such communication on social interactions among friends and friends. Although technology has transformed the communication circle in various ways, Turkle and Wallis offer contrasting and similar views concerning the implications of such trends in today’s world. Both authors tackle the impact of technology on social interactions in which people interact with the social media networks and other messaging tools. For instance, they suggest that teenagers are glued to their devices interacting with others. It is also apparent that some students do their essays through the internet where they consult the search engines. The two authors contend that this trend is killing physical interactions and may impose negative repercussions on the normal interactions (Wallis 22-23). Another similar concept adopted by Wallis and Turkle is the aspect of life revolving around the digital devices, including in family and executive meetings. This shows h ow people have reduced the conversation to the mere connection that they do not want to meet others physically. The general approach of the two articles is how people can change their communication habits to avoid the implications that occur in their lives. The other similarity between the two articles is the different consequences that technology has influenced the modern generation. For instance, children are becoming anti-social and detached from others since they like using Instant messages and emails for communication (Wallis 22-23). This affects their physical well-being and social development skills, especially when they are overexposed to the digital elements. Considering this, the two articles emphasize the role of conversation and control over individual interactions.

The Importance of Palliative Care to the Old Dying Individuals Dissertation

The Importance of Palliative Care to the Old Dying Individuals - Dissertation Example The authors of this article carried out a study on 1,254 physicians using questionnaires. Most of the respondents used were women with a mean age of 45. This study was the first Dutch study carried out to give an insight into the practice of CPS by nursing home physicians. The study fails to recognize the importance of temporary palliative sedation, which was not included in the study. However, I agree with the findings of the study that administration of CPS to patients with cancer and dementia differ in several ways. This study was carried out in six veterans’ affairs medical centers located in the southeast United States. It implemented palliative care, a multi-component, and education based intervention through staff training, written materials, electronic order set, and follow up consultations. The study was a qualitative research that involved the use of telephone interviews and qualitative data analysis. The results of the research carried out are useful in optimizing the best practices in acute care settings. The article focuses on the end of life nursing education consortium critical care (ELNEC-CC) programs that were funded by Arch stone foundation to improve end of life care education of care nurses in California. From the study, ELNEC-CC offers an emphasis on the end of life areas specific to critical care. It is evident that the participants consider the ELNEC-CC materials as helpful in giving professional education.The authors carry out a research on acute and critical care nurses on the aging population. From the findings, the authors conclude that there is no adequate education on the nurses to take care of the population 388 participants were used for the study through education in ELNEC modules. The participants revised policies and made changes in their workplaces so that better care is provided for dying critical care patients. The authors of this article carried out a study to describe an evaluation of ELNEC oncology training program. The study was carried out using 124 nurs es representing 74 chapters of ONS.

A summer in Canada Essay Example for Free

A summer in Canada Essay All my life I have chosen to experience as much as possible to enrich myself, but the most memorable experience in my childhood was the summer following seventh grade in school. I went to a summer camp in Vancouver, Canada where I spent half the day immersed in cultural studies and the other half involved in outside activities. Then I went to my aunt’s house in Toronto for two weeks. That was the first time I had traveled abroad. I was very excited about this trip and learned a lot from it, including the benefits of teachers directly interacting with students, the rewards of trying new things, and having the time to appreciate nature’s beauty and urban life. I noticed several ways the culture of Canada differed from Chinese culture. First, unlike in China, Western people place heavy emphasis on interacting. For example, when I had a class in Canada, the teachers were more likely to communicate with the students instead of just teaching. We were not just listeners. I really admire this kind of education because it helped me better become involved in my studies. Second, the teachers often pushed students to go outside to do research. For instance, I went to the market to make a statistical comparison of the price for every kind of product. It forced me to communicate with the staff in the market. As a matter of fact, I improved my English. In addition, people in Western countries liked to try new things. In China, I spent most of my time indoors studying; I didn’t know the wisdom to be found in engaging nature and its environment. For instance, I went camping on a big mountain and spent a night there. I came across many new experiences such as making a fire or erecting the tent and conquering them both. After I experienced these activities, I not only captured the Canadian culture, but also learned many skills from it. Furthermore, as I was living in a homestay the first two weeks, I became more independent. I was forced to deal with my living conditions by myself. I learned to wash my own clothes, cook some simple dishes, clean my room, and do some housework. This helped me a lot on my future life. Apart from having some new ideas when I traveled in Canada, I saw many amazing views both in nature and in the city. I went to a place called Butchart Garden, which is near Vancouver with beautiful scenery. I took many pictures of flowers and trees. It was the most beautiful garden I had ever seen. What is more, I was attracted by the atmosphere on a street in the downtown of Toronto. When I was sitting in a chair near the street, I saw many people in the cafà © enjoying the moment. They were just drinking and talking. That suddenly reminded me that I should never stop looking around to what is happening right now. When I was in China, I was always concentrated with taking one exam after another exam, and never stopped to reflect on what was around me. Having time to think about myself and my needs now seemed to be necessary in my life. In conclusion, this experience in Canada taught me how to live a more balanced life and how to communicate more effectively with others. This trip changed me and made my childhood more meaningful as well as improving my abilities in both studying and living.

How Was the Universe Created?

How Was the Universe Created? The three things above are really good reason why we believe in this theory. All the point above proves the possibility of the big bang theory and they all come together in order to prove it. Arguments against the big bang theory Many people still dont believe in the Big Bang theory because they think it is not right. This could be because of some of the problems with the theory itself. Many people ask many different questions and find many flaws in the big bang theory. Most people accept that the universe never had a beginning as that is the only possible solution and the most realistic reason we know. People also believe that the universe never had a beginning so it will never end and will keep expanding forever infinitely. The biggest problem with the theory is that there isnt such strong proof for what started the big bang. As we all know, to start something or something to start there has to be something to trigger that start and as far as we know the big bang didnt have a start. People dont find the theory convincing because they believe that such an event could have happened without something triggering it. Regarding this some people also believe that the start could have been triggered by God. And God created the whole universe and it is God who started big bang. This is possible but not certain and therefore we require evidence and proof. No one is certain that God exist and many questions can be asked in the existence of God. This question cannot be answered; it is same as asking how was the universe created. To know the real truth we would have to revisit time. Fred Hoyle constructed a model to show that the universe was infinitely old and has remained steady. This is known as the Steady State theory. This theory was much more acceptable among the religious groups as was less vague. However it was also accepted by the science side because it did include the expansion of the universe. {13} this theory seems to work on both scientific and the religious sides. Fred Hoyle believed that, if the universe is expanding there has to be something being made up in the spaces between galaxies. In practical I think this is very clear and a simple explanation as it is same as the big bang theory but has a different alteration for the expansion. He concluded that only one hydrogen atom is enough in a year to keep the expansion running. Experiment This theory can be easily tested by using a balloon. If we put red dots on a balloon and then blow it, we will notice that the red dots are expanding. If we focus ourselves from one red dot we will notice that the further dots are moving faster because the spaces between the dots are increasing. This increase of the gap between the dots is parallel to the filling of universe and the cause of the expansion. Other Evidence against the Big Bang theory was that some of the galaxies near our own galaxies were much younger and some galaxies have been discovered to be older than the universe. {13} -clearly this observation is arguing against the big bang theory and proves its argument by giving us real data. This source is very strong and has actually changed my mind because it clearly tells us that the Big Bang theory might just be a wrong way to describe the origins of our universe. This shows that how easy it is to change peoples mind on the big bang theory if the argument uses good scientific examples and proves thoroughly. The evidence above shows us a flaw in the big bang theory. Secondly, the next evidence against the theory is the steady state theory. The steady state theory states that the universe did not have a start but always been present. This again is an assumption; it also says the universe never had a start so therefore it wouldnt have an end. The steady state theory is not telling us that the universe is static. It does take Hubbles idea of expansion into account. I think this theory is as strong as the big bang because it does consider the other facts. It is easier for scientist to believe in this because it does not have a mysterious start; like the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“big bangà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  theory does. The creationism theory- is it scientific? Everyone has different beliefs and everyone thinks differently. Some people have believed in the creation story and the idea of God. They say that Almighty God created the whole universe including the life on earth. I suppose you cannot argue with them until you provide some very strong supportive evidence. The theory states that God created the heavens and the earth. However life was not present and the earth was empty and formless. Although this is not scientific and does not have sufficient evidence, we cannot disregard it because there are people who believe in this just like people who believe in the Big Bang theory. http://www.kiva.net/~kls/page4.html {9} The disagreement is mostly through the religious groups as they believe God created the universe. The Bible Genesis has given me arguments against the theory of big bang as it states the process in which God created the universe. It states that god created life on earth including all the seasons, the oceans, the sun, the moon, etc. {12} this website provides me with the Bible quotations. It shows how the universe was created in a different point of view and as that God created the universe. This story is basically a belief and faith of religious peoples; although it is unproven they still believe in it and think it is better than big bang. This theory is fascinating because regarding the lack of supportive evidence it is the second most popular theory after the big bang theory. However it does not have any proof for it beliefs. Although people still believe in it and it is good enough to compete with a much explained theory, such as the big bang theory. This quotation is from the bible, the religious book of Christians. It states à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“God created the earth. In the opening words of the Bible, God is unequivocally declared to be the creator of the earth (Gen. 1: 1, 2). The fact God created the earth is repeatedly taught throughout the Bible.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  {12} This has been taken from the bible. This source is reliable in a religion way. But it doesnt have the science behind it to back its ideas. But this source is reliable because it has been known for many years and many people believe in it. The bible states that God took 7 days to make the earth and the universe. Considering the vast population of Christians now days I think their arguments could be effective and can also affect other people. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“In Christian theology, a domain of special revelation, Gods calling (John 6:44, 6:65) enables people to understand Gods plan and truth. Only those who encounter God and have their minds supernaturally opened by God can understand the truth in these matters. This rationale limits what secular scientists can learn and understand. Unless a scientist receives such a calling the scientist will be always learning and never able to come to the knowledge of the truthà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  {12}. This is a very strong statement and it explains what Christians believe in and argues against the scientist and other people who have beliefs in the big bang theory. I think this website is truly against any science views because from the quote you can see that it is very challenging. Basically it states that a person cannot know the real truth and only people who receive calling from God will find out the truth. It also suggests that God has given us knowledge however it is better to limit o ur knowledge and do not stand against God as he is the only creator. William Paleys argument Stretching the matter from the above explanation, this argument can be used as an example and be used as evidence. Using a concept of a watch Paley said that the world is well designed just like a pocket watch. Everything which makes the watch work needs to be working properly and everything in a watch is designed so perfectly. Therefore if you remove one of the things from inside the watch, it will not work. This applies same with the universe; if we remove the fundamental things such as gravity, it will not work. Thus, the pocket watch and the universe are parallel and they both had a creator. Hence, the universe must have a creator, which is God. Hinduism There are many religions in the world and they all have different beliefs. All the religions are anti- science as they all believe in god. For example Hinduism. Hindus believe that god created the whole universe. Their theory à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Before time began there was no heaven, no earth and no space between. Suddenly, from the depths a humming sound began to tremble, Om. It grew and spread, filling the emptiness and throbbing with energy. The night had ended. Vishnu awoke. Vishnus servant, Brahma awaited the Lords command. Vishnu spoke to his servant: It is time to begin. Brahma bowed. Vishnu commanded: Create the world.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  The world was soon bristling with life and the air was filled with the sounds of Brahmas creation. {14} this proves that there is not only one religion that disagrees with the big bang theory. However this is only a myth, even the Hindus dont have proof for this. They cannot support their theory with evidence. There are over 270 different religions in this world. And they all have different arguments and different mythology. After looking at these religions I can also say that its not only the religions that have myths, even the scientist have myths- The Big Bang Theory. Problems with the theory à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Static universe models fit observational data better than expanding universe models.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Static universe models match most observations with no adjustable limits. The Big Bang can match each of the critical observations, but only with adjustable limits. The microwave background makes more sense as the limiting temperature of space heated by starlight than as the remnant of a fireball. Element large quantity predictions using the Big Bang require too many adjustable parameters to make them work. How could plausible you work out what element was made first if we have never seen the explosion. The predictions are not all true. The universe has too much large scale structure to form in a time as short as 10-20 billion years. The average luminosity of quasars must decrease in just the right way so that their mean apparent brightness is the same at all red shift, which is exceedingly unlikely. Invisible dark matter of an unknown but non-baryonic nature must be the dominant ingredient of the entire universe. The problems above have been taken from the {http://www.metaresearch.org/cosmology/top10BBproblems.asp} {13}- all the information was repeated on many other different website which proves that it is a reliable source and it is true as it is accepted by many other people. The different points all add up to prove that the big bang theory is false and that it has defects in it. Conclusion All the arguments, against and for, are all backed up with good and strong information. That information is reliable because the same information has been found on more than one website or a source. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“In one of its several variations the big bang cosmological theory is almost universally accepted as the most reasonable theory for the origin and evolution of the universe.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  This proves the acceptance of the big bang theory and why it is the only possible theory. But after analysing the information, the evidences and their sources and looking at their reliability I feel that the argument For the theory of the Big bang is a bit more reliable and conclusive argument. I can say this because it backs up information with good scientific evidence and theories. I think that the big bang theory is one of the main theories and has been developed through many years. It is so well presented and is supported by enough evidence to make me accept it as truth and I believe that I would only change my mind if a different theory is proven to me with more stronger and good scientific evidence. My opinion I believe that the universe has have got to have a start but this case study has been a great adventure as it keeps changing my view and both the arguments are well balanced and are strongly supported with evidence. I believe that the big bang theory is the only plausible theory and it is one of the greatest theories ever explained in cosmology. This theory has been backed up with loads of information that the person who disagrees with this would have to show evidence and maybe explain why they think this is wrong, which I think is virtually impossible because more people believe in this theory than anything else. This theory is believed by mostly every scientist whereas not the religious people, as they believe in the creation and the god theory. The evidence with this theory is very clear and shows how the big bang could have happened. Literally I think the evidence we have for the big bang theory is enough to actually make another big bang model and find out what actua lly happened. But the only thing which makes me disagrees with this theory is that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“what started the big bang- and what could plausibly trigger a massive explosion?à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  this is the only question which is unanswered and I think we will never be able to accomplish to answer this question because it is to great and us humans are not capable of going back to time. I think most people believe that the big bang theory is correct because the things they hear from the news and other shows which tell them only about the theory, the press wouldnt talk against a scientist, so I believe that the peoples mind are changed by the people they hear their information from. But if a person like me who believes in what other people do, my mind can be changed if he information I read is reliable and backs up with good string evidence. However I also think that the big bang theory is one of the best scientific theories ever accomplished because it is so well supported with evid ence. This theory is also supported by many scientists, which also makes the normal people feel that this is the right theory, so all the people would have to accept it unless they challenge the theory and prove it wrong. In this case the arguments FOR the Big Bang theory is a bit more supported and is much more reliable. I can say this because the evidence I found was very reliable and sustain the arguments effectively. For argument are explained clearly and uses good science which makes me feel that it is right because I believe in science more than the religious arguments. Even the religious arguments are not reliable because they could have been made up by someone because we dont have the proof that God created the universe or we havent seen it happen. It is same with the Big bang we havent seen it happen, so it depends on the evidence we have left over and we can only make predictions because we cant go back in time to really know the truth.

Anti -semitism :: essays research papers

Stop and think about this for a second. What if someone was torturing and killing other innocent human beings by the millions using methods of starving, shooting, gassing, burning, and hanging. You might say, “Oh, that could never happen.'; Well it has. During World War II, millions of innocent human beings were killed, all because of one man who had an obsession for power and supremacy. This man that I speak of is an anti-Semitist, meaning someone who is prejudiced against Jews or another race. This man along with his many other followers thought Jews were an alien race. Throughout this paper you will find out who this man is, what he did, why he did it. Also, you will learn about what life was like for the Jews during this time. After reading this I hope that you will have a better idea of what anti-Semitism is and how one man’s obsession turned to millions of lost lives. The man I mentioned in the first paragraph obviously had a name. His name was Adolf Hitler. Let me give you some background information on him. He was born on April 20, 1889 in Braunau am Inn, Austria. His father was a minor customs official and his mother was a peasant girl. He never completed high school and was a poor student. He twice applied to the Academy of Fine Arts in Vienna, but was not accepted for lack of talent. He read large amounts of books which helped him develop an anti-Jewish and anti-democratic attitude. Hitler fought in World War I for the Bavarian army. Although a courageous soldier he was never promoted above private first class because he was lacking in leadership qualities. In September 1919 he joined the nationalist German Workers’ Party. In April of 1920 he went to work full time for the newly renamed National Socialist German Workers’ (Nazi) Party. In 1921 he was elected party chairman and given dictorial powers. By this time he had developed e xtreme racist qualities and an extreme hate for Jews. In 1923 he tried to seize Bavaria but had no success. There was an increase in the number of Nazi’s between the years of 1929 and 1930. Hitler was then appointed Chancellor of Germany. Hitler started a campaign to destroy world Jewry. He met with high ranking officials and created the final solution to the Jewish problem, and in 1933 the first of many German concentration camps was built.

Lolita by Vladimir Nabokov Essay -- Lolita Essays

Vladimir Nabokov, one of the 20th century’s greatest writers, is a highly aesthetic writer. Most of his work shows an amazing interest in and talent for language. He deceptively uses language in Lolita to mask and make the forbidden divine. Contextually, Lolita may be viewed as a novel about explicit sexual desire. However, it is the illicit desire of a stepfather for his 12-year old stepdaughter. The novel’s subject inevitably conjures up expectations of pornography, but there in not a single obscene term in Lolita. Nabokov portrays erotic scenes and sensual images with a poetic sensibility that belies the underlying meaning of the words. The beautiful manipulation of language coerces one to understand Humbert’s interdict act of pedophilia. By combining erotic and poetic desire in the context of the forbidden, Nabokov challenges the immorality of pornography, as illicit desire becomes masked in sensuous language. Nabokov carefully tailors the language Hu mbert Humbert uses to tell the world of his love for the forbidden nymphet, urging sympathy and innocence from the reader. However, the deeper meaning of the forbidden sexual desire is clearly seen in the use of only slightly veiled metaphor alluding to Humbert's own obsession. The very first words of the novel set the stage for Nabokov's masterful use of poetic and erotic allusion. The poetic and romantic lyricism become the foundation for allusion from the deviancy of Humbert’s sexual desires: "Lolita, light of my life, fire of my loins. My sin, my soul. Lo-lee-ta: the tip of the tongue taking a trip of three steps down the palate to tap, at three, on the teeth. Lo. Lee. Ta. She was Lo, plain Lo, in the morning, standing four feet ten in one sock. She was Lola in ... ... unambiguously seeks to transmute Humbert’s erotic experience into a work of art, and to induce us to relive it intensely in our imagination and with our senses. He does not want us simply to identify with his protagonist as a crude pornographer would, but to bring us to adhere totally to this beautiful text in which the gradual eroticization of the language eventually creates a poerotic ecstasy. There is no longer any separation between signifier and signified, between the pretext and the present text; the obstacle that prevented novelistic language from representing the sexual act is magically abolished, even though sex still remains a powerful source of anxiety. It is not the sexual interdict, no matter what its true nature is, which is transgressed, but the aesthetic one. As Humbert later acknowledges â€Å"sex is but the ancilla of art,† it cannot be its main subject. Lolita by Vladimir Nabokov Essay -- Lolita Essays Vladimir Nabokov, one of the 20th century’s greatest writers, is a highly aesthetic writer. Most of his work shows an amazing interest in and talent for language. He deceptively uses language in Lolita to mask and make the forbidden divine. Contextually, Lolita may be viewed as a novel about explicit sexual desire. However, it is the illicit desire of a stepfather for his 12-year old stepdaughter. The novel’s subject inevitably conjures up expectations of pornography, but there in not a single obscene term in Lolita. Nabokov portrays erotic scenes and sensual images with a poetic sensibility that belies the underlying meaning of the words. The beautiful manipulation of language coerces one to understand Humbert’s interdict act of pedophilia. By combining erotic and poetic desire in the context of the forbidden, Nabokov challenges the immorality of pornography, as illicit desire becomes masked in sensuous language. Nabokov carefully tailors the language Hu mbert Humbert uses to tell the world of his love for the forbidden nymphet, urging sympathy and innocence from the reader. However, the deeper meaning of the forbidden sexual desire is clearly seen in the use of only slightly veiled metaphor alluding to Humbert's own obsession. The very first words of the novel set the stage for Nabokov's masterful use of poetic and erotic allusion. The poetic and romantic lyricism become the foundation for allusion from the deviancy of Humbert’s sexual desires: "Lolita, light of my life, fire of my loins. My sin, my soul. Lo-lee-ta: the tip of the tongue taking a trip of three steps down the palate to tap, at three, on the teeth. Lo. Lee. Ta. She was Lo, plain Lo, in the morning, standing four feet ten in one sock. She was Lola in ... ... unambiguously seeks to transmute Humbert’s erotic experience into a work of art, and to induce us to relive it intensely in our imagination and with our senses. He does not want us simply to identify with his protagonist as a crude pornographer would, but to bring us to adhere totally to this beautiful text in which the gradual eroticization of the language eventually creates a poerotic ecstasy. There is no longer any separation between signifier and signified, between the pretext and the present text; the obstacle that prevented novelistic language from representing the sexual act is magically abolished, even though sex still remains a powerful source of anxiety. It is not the sexual interdict, no matter what its true nature is, which is transgressed, but the aesthetic one. As Humbert later acknowledges â€Å"sex is but the ancilla of art,† it cannot be its main subject.

We Must Take Action to Improve the Air Quality in Phoenix Essay

We Must Take Action to Improve the Air Quality in Phoenix "How You Can Clean the Filthy Air You Breathe in Phoenix"         Take a deep breath, Phoenicians.   How did it feel?   Most likely, it felt good. But did you know that you are breathing air that is unnecessarily polluted?  Ã‚   Did you know that by taking a few steps in the right direction, you could breathe worry-free?  Ã‚   While Phoenix and Maricopa County have done much in the past few years in controlling the air pollution, there needs to be more action in order to secure clean air in the long-term.   There are two things we can do: implement programs from another city with a pollution problem like ours, and take matters directly into our own hands by changing our lifestyle to positively affect the air quality.   Los Angeles is one such city that has had some success in controlling its air pollution, with plans that are different from the ones Phoenix is using.  Ã‚   Located in the Sunbelt, LA sees a lot of sunshine like Phoenix.   It, too, has had a large population growth like Phoenix and has had to respond to that accordingly.  Ã‚   Los Angeles has developed a few excellent plans to fight its air pollution, which I believe can also make a difference in Phoenix as well.   I propose that we integrate those plans from Los Angeles to enhance the battle of air pollution in Phoenix. For the second part of my plan, I propose that we all take individual action to make the air quality better for ourselves and everyone else, like driving less and not topping off the gas tank.  Ã‚   By encouraging local lawmakers to use the effective plans of Los Angeles and by actively taking strides in combating the battle of air pollution in our daily lives, the breaths we take can soon be of clean, ... ...anAir2000.   CleanAir2000.   Phoenix, AZ: US. 1998.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   www.cleanair2000.org Gulbinas, Vilija. â€Å"On the Road to Recovery: an Angelino’s Guide to  Ã‚  Ã‚   Smog†.   Los Angeles, CA: US.   1998.  Ã‚   www.ben2.ucla.edu/~vgulbina Arizona Clean & Beautiful.   â€Å"Arizona Clean & Beautiful†.   Phoenix, AZ: US.   1998.   aspin.asu.edu/acb/ Natural Resources Defense Council.   â€Å"Danger in the Air†.   Washington, DC: US. 1998.   www.nrdc.org/nrdc/find/aibresum.html Environment News.   â€Å"What’s Missing from the Clean Air Debate?†.   Washington, DC: US. 1998. www.heartland.org/environment/august/missing.htm City of Los Angeles Environmental Affairs Department.   â€Å"L.A. Made a Difference!† Los Angeles, CA: US. 1998.   www.cityofla.org/EAD/article3.htm Arizona Governor Jane Hull.   â€Å"Arizona Department of Environmental Quality.† Phoenix, AZ: US.   1998.   www.governor.state.az.us/dept/deq.html   

History of Marriage Essay

Marriage is a social institution recognized by custom and law. It is a relation that exists between one or more men to one or more women. Custom or law gives recognitions of the duties and rights of the parties involved in such an institution. The union may result to children being born in it. In general, the societal expectation is one where there is sexual gratification between a husband and wife. There are legal issues that may arise as a result of adultery, which may force one partner to dissolve the marriage. This relation is at some point regarded as an economic institution in which a husband is fully responsible for the needs of the wife and children. With the current women empowerment in the society they are also able to provide for their families. A father has a general control and power over his family but for the children his powers are for a limited time. This comes as a result of the need for children to practice decision making and show responsibility especially at adulthood. Marriage is in accordance to the laid down custom or law and the consent of each parties involved must be considered. Parents for example may ask for a bride price and after this is settled a marriage takes place. These are important steps especially where the conditions stipulated by custom or by law are complied with. The origin of marriage is seen to be a habitual practice from the medieval period. A man and woman would live together, have sexual relations and from this union children would come forth. The father would play their role as a protector and supporter of his family while his wife nurses and cares for the family. As time passed it was accepted by custom and by law and it became legal social institution. Marriage is therefore seen to be an intimate relationship which the society, the government and religion recognizes. Marriage has many forms but the major one constitutes a man and a woman. Marriage is the basis of a family unit in which procreation takes place. Through a marriage setup children can grown, be protected and shown love through provision of food, shelter, clothing, education among others. There are a variety of intentions that one has in mind while planning to enter into marriage. Some of the major reasons may include need for legal stability, social and/or economic stability. Through marriage, there is a provider, protector and the union is legally bound. Marriage can be witnessed in a wedding celebration and this marks the beginning of individual obligation to each other and to the society at large. There have been changes in the understanding and approach of marriage from the older days. In the United States marriage for example was a consideration of status as well as an oversight on the future economic stability and prosperity of the person. It was therefore an economic arrangement in which one would choose their potential spouse and so they would plan to marry . Marriage ceremonies between same sexes were done in the 5th-14th centuries by the Roman Catholic Church. Many issues about marriage caught the interest of many leaders and Pope Alexander II in 1975, prohibited marriages between couples who were closely related and especially with no more than 6 cousins related to a person. In the 16th century, only with the permission of local political authorities, servants and day laborers would be free to marry in Bavaria and Austria. In1921 this order was fully abolished. Public wife selling was witnessed in the 1960s-1870s where a divorced wife was tied with a rope around her neck and sold in public. Until 1686, marriage was rather a civil ceremony for the puritans in Massachusetts Bay. In the British colonies, there was no penalty given for interracial marriages until 1662 when Virginia doubled fornication fines for interracial couples. Maryland banned interracial marriages in 1664 and subsequently, in 1750 interracial marriages had been outlawed in all southern colonies. Married women, until mid 19th century, had no legal standing under the English common law in all American states. It was until 1848 that women had the right to own property while married, through the Married Women Act. http://www. lulu. com/content/247174 At the age of 10 years, consent for sexual intercourse was allowed in most American states while in Delaware it was at the age of 7 years only. With parental consent young boys of 14 and girls of 12 would marry, as late as 1930. In 1940, married women could not make legal contract in twelve states. Anti-Miscegenation laws were declared unconstitutional in Virginia and other states such as Alabama, Florida, Mississippi, Oklahoma, and Texas among others. Fourteen states had in the fifteen years prior to the decision, repealed their anti miscegenation laws. This included Arizona, Colorado, Maryland, Nevada, and Oregon among others. Ten states had by 1990, outlawed rape in marriage. This was after New York outlawed rape in marriage in 1978. Rape in marriage was seen as a crime in thirty-six states and this was only in certain circumstances. It was surprising that in four states, rape in marriage was never a crime. Marriage has had lots of controversies but the initial union in the religious world was the social union that benefited the society. It is seen as the union of one man and one woman blessed and united by a religious leader as seen in Christianity, Judaism, Islam, Buddhists and Hindu. The privileges enjoyed in marriages are of benefit while particular concerns were raised on homosexual couples. The commitment of traditional couples which constituted a man and woman could be seen as that of same-sex couples and so they have continued to fight for their rights and the legalization of their marriage. The sacred value of marriage should not be changed despite the fact that advocates are aggressive on the issue that it should be redefined to suit gay marriage. When the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court made a ruling in 2004, and said that civil union was not enough, this raised national debate. A number of people wanted the definition of one man-to- one woman to stand and others wanted it to separate same-sex institutions, with others against it. In 2004, California and New York mayors were authorizing same sex marriages while defying law and these marriages were said not to be legally binding. Nancy 2001) http://www. lulu. com/content/247174 In 1619, Virginia enacted a law in which if a bond married a Negro, Mulatto or Indian, they would be banished in the woods so that they are cast out of the colony. Later on, in 1724, there was introduction Louisiana after the slaves were freed. Laws that were known as black codes were used to control and even forbid marriages constituted by slaves while the slave master was not consented. In 1769, the English common law showed that husband and wife were one. A constitution was written in 1787 and was adopted the following year. It was effective in 1789 and replaced the articles of federation, which was the government document of the USA. It remains to be the basic law of central government. In 1839, Mississippi granted the women a right to hold, with their respective husband’s permission, property in their own name. This saw many states legalizing this grant to women so that they would have control over property and earnings. This was in 1900. In the Missouri vs. Celia case of 1855, the case was used to show that enslaved women had no right or legal recourse if they were raped by their masters. This meant that black women had no right to defend themselves after an act of rape by the master. When the Mississippi black code was passed, it was an attempt to control slaves and ensure social inequality. This prohibited blacks, in 1865, from marrying whites and in this case, it was punishable as was seen through life imprisonment. http://www. lulu. com/content/247174 More was to come and in the United States, an immigration act of 1917 banned immigration of Asians and those with abnormal sexual instincts and until 1990, lesbians and gay immigrants were excluded from coming into the United States. (Nancy 2001) In a case of New York v. Sanger, doctors would advice married couples on use of birth control pills for health purposes. The law was still enforced but was overturned in 1965 on all state laws that prohibited the use of contraceptives. In 1948, in Perez v Sharp case, there was a ban on interracial marriage in the California Supreme Court. This was the first state high court to declare it unconstitutional but later on in 1967; the U. S Supreme Court declared that there was freedom to marry allowing for interracial marriages on all Americans. This was evidenced in the case of Loving v. Virginia. The immigration act in 1965 admitted different races and nationalities and emphasized on family reunification with great concern. The act defined a family to be strictly on hetero sexual and nuclear ties and banned on lesbian and gay deviates. In 1969, California adopted a divorce law that allowed divorce by mutual consent and especially where one party simply wants it. The major challenge in this was that one party can refuse to sign the separation agreement. In 1981, there was an over turn of events when the states laws described a husband as a head and master and having control of property which is jointly owned with his wife. Nancy 2001) . http://family. jrank. org/pages/1118/Marriage-Ceremonies. html Articles were published and they advocated for legalization of same-sex couples and this was especially because these authors were gay and wanted to pursue their demand. In 1990, the congress repealed ban on gay and lesbian immigration. Homosexuals were disqualified as foreigners and were not allowed to come in to the United States. It was in 1993 that Hawaii Supreme Court said that the ban on same-sex couples from marrying must be justified and in 1998, it was amended to allow strict marriage to men and women only . In 1994, gays and lesbians sought to be part of the humanitarian law as a social group rather than an immigration group. A Person Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act explicitly promoted marriage and formation of heterosexual families. The federal law supported two parent families and in the same year, 1996, the Defense of Marriage Act defined marriage as exclusively between one man and a woman. It was evident that this act did not recognize same sex marriage at all. In 1998, there was a covenant marriage legislation in which couples promised to stay together for life and that they would denounce the no-default divorce. In the same year, May 1998, Alaska ruled that it was a fundamental right to choose a marital partner. The following year, the Vermont Supreme Court allowed for same-sex marriage to occur and that they have all rights and benefits of marriage but no marriage licenses. A governor in Oklahoma in March 2000 announced a $10 million plan that encouraged marriage than divorce and in 2001 gay and lesbian couples in Massachusetts filed law suits seeking a right to marry. This followed with other New Jersey lesbian and gay couples suing the state court for denial of their right to marry. In 2003, the US Supreme Court struck down the remaining anti-gay sodomy laws which were in Texas and in other states. http://family. jrank. org/pages/1118/Marriage-Ceremonies. html In 2003-2004, the Federal Marriage Amendment was proposed but was defeated in congress. The amendment ought to have denied marriage rights to same-sex couples by indicating that marriage would only exist between a man and a woman. The divorce rate in 1980 was 22. 6% per 1000 married women and currently it is rated at 17. 7 percent.  Other observations and statistics show that the rate of marriage has declined from 76. 5 to 39. 9 percent per 1000 unmarried women. This has been a 50 percent drop and it is attributed to cohabitation rather than marriage. These posses a great risk on the children as it affects the family stability. Breakup rates for cohabitating couples are twice as that of married couples and in 40% of such couples children are born in this rather unstable and shaky relationship. The United States is found to have the weakest families in the western world. This is attributed to the high divorce rates as well as the increase in solo parenting. The divorce rate has generally been going up more recently with about 20 divorces for every 1000 women over the age of 15. (Nancy 2001) The divorces rate has had significant factors that have led to the rise in the United States. One of them has been that men and women are economically stable and so there is less need for each other in terms of economical survival. The rate has also been on the higher side because of birth control programs that allow men and women to separate sexual activity from bearing children.

Fundamentals of Marketing Essay

1.0. Course Description: The course is an introduction to the language and issues of marketing with an emphasis on learning to develop responsive marketing strategies that meet customer needs. The course focuses on basic marketing concepts, the role of marketing in the organization, and the role of marketing in society. Topics include market segmentation, product development, promotion, distribution, and pricing. Other topics, which will be incorporated into the course, are external environment (which will focus on integrative topics with marketing,  such as economics, politics, government, and nature), marketing research, international/global marketing with relevance to cultural diversity, ethics, the impact of technology on marketing, and careers in marketing. 1.1 Course Perspective: We all have many experiences with marketing from the viewpoint of the consumer. In this course, we will take the perspective of the marketing decision maker. I hope you will learn that there is much more to marketing than you might have expected. From the textbook, participation assignments/homework, and class discussions, you will learn about the decisions that marketers must make and tools/frameworks that will assist you in making those decisions effectively. By the end of the course, you should understand the complexity and challenges associated with making marketing decisions as well as ways to design effective marketing strategies. On the practical side, this new understanding of marketing should make each of you a more knowledgeable consumer. 1.2 Course Learning Goals and Objectives: Accordingly, the course emphasizes the following: To analyze the role of marketing within the firm and society. To expose you to the two parts of a marketing strategy: the target market and the marketing mix. To study the four basic variables in the marketing mix: product, promotion, price, and distribution. To exercise analytical, communication, and presentation skills (through use of technological aids, such as Microsoft Word, PowerPoint, and the Internet)—the basic tools of marketing. 2.0. Textbooks: Principles of Marketing, 13th Edition, by Kotler/Armstrong, Pearson Education 2012, ISBN 978730225574 3.0. Recommended Reading: A Selective reading packet is prepared for the course, which comprises Harvard cases, company cases derived from Philip Kotler, Gary Armstrong, â€Å"Principles of Marketing† , 7th edition, articles derived from HBR, SBR, and other significant business journals, as well as latest developed Chinese cases. Related handouts will be distributed in the class. 4.0 Method of Instruction: The course is highly interactive between the class and the instructor. Through case studies/presentations, problems, and specific company client activities, students will have the opportunity to use the concepts, ideas, and strategies presented in class. Problem-solving sessions occur in both individual (primarily) and team (occasionally) settings. This undergraduate course will incorporate a lecture and project-based approach to the principles of marketing. The textbook used in this course will be used as a reference point for the discussion(s) of the marketing plan project. Students are encouraged to read and inculcate the major principles found in the textbook. Note that occasionally changes in the schedule of the course or in the assignments are announced during class. It is your responsibility to ensure that you have received all of the changes and you will still be responsible for this information. The University is committed to a policy of honesty in academics. Conduct, which compromises a breach of this policy, may result in academic and/or disciplinary action. Cheating is a violation of student academic behavior standards. Please note that the sharing of information with other class members or with other sections of the course is considered cheating. 5.0. Assignments Case analysis An effective way to help students learn about the principles of marketing is  the analysis of marketing cases of real-world companies and events. Cases from the textbook will be assigned to provide an opportunity to apply the principles of marketing and to enhance one’s analytical ability to assess marketing problems. Analysis of cases provides for the application of course concepts to real-world situations, and students are expected to have read and analyzed the cases thoroughly prior to class. The objective of the use of cases is to apply the various principles/concepts of marketing to an in-depth analysis of a given company or industry. The class will be divided into groups (six student’s maximum per group), each group will be formed early on in the semester and given a date to present their analysis of a particular case. A presentation framework/format will be provided for each group. Team Project Each group need to develop a marketing project throughout the semester, following the below steps: Carefully choose the topic of the project, each group will decide on a â€Å"fictional† consumer product or service they wish to bring to market, which can be developed to illustrate and identify the marketing ideas. Draft a plan for the project, describing the topic goal, outline, procedure, approach, allotment of work, and possible difficulties. Carry out the plan, continuously discussing and reviewing every process of the project in the group. Referring to the instructor is welcome. Presentation and defence in class are going on in the last week As mentioned, all group members will receive the same grade for the work. Format for Marketing Plan Executive Summary Introduction Company Description (including background) Current marketing situation (situation analysis) Business mission statement External environmental factors affecting the business from: – Technological factors – Socio-cultural factors – Economic-Financial factors – Natural factors – Political-Legal factors– Competitive factors Opportunities and Threats in the External Environment Business Strengths and Weaknesses in relation to Opportunities and Threats Major Marketing Problem Competitive Advantage of the organisation Objectives and Goals Target Market Segments Recommendations for Product Strategy Recommendations for Price Strategy Recommendations for Promotion Strategy Recommendations for Place / Distribution Strategy Please note the following: If your plan is confidential, please inform the marker on the front cover of your plan. 6.0. Examination and Evaluation: Mid-test 20% Term exams 40% Group Project: Marketing Plan 20% Class participation and quiz 20% Total 100% The final is close-book. You will be asked conceptual questions which integrate all what they have learned through the course, so the hints of the best preparation for the exam is to attend the class regularly, participate in the discussion proactively and read the course material carefully. One of the questions in the final will be â€Å"What are the three most important lessons that you learned about marketing in this course that will help you as a manager, facing the challenge today and tomorrow in the globe stage?† All of you are encouraged to frequently think about this question since the beginning of the course. The final examination will be of two and a half hours duration. The examination is worth 40 percent of the total available marks. No materials are allowed into the examination room for this unit. You must bring your student identification card to the examination. In order to pass this unit to achieve your DEGREE you must complete and submit each item of coursework, complete the examination and achieve an overall mark of at least 75 percent of the total available marks. 7.0. Course Schedule: This Schedule is tentative and very much subject to change. Students are invited to bring in ads, articles, and anecdotes for class discussion. 1. Describe the roles of marketing and marketing strategy in business value creation. (This is taken from learning outcome) Poor ability to describe the fundamental concepts of marketing strategy and marketing mix. Adequate ability to describe the fundamental concepts of marketing strategy and marketing mix. Good ability to describe the fundamental concepts of marketing strategy and marketing mix and able to give related examples. Very good ability to describe the fundamental concepts of marketing strategy and marketing mix, to the extent of related applications in everyday business situation. 1.1. Explain fundamental concepts of marketing strategy and marketing mix used in the project. 1.2. Equal participation of all group members. 1.3. Ability to elicit and answer questions. 1. 2. Use appropriate terminologies in marketing activities and business environment. Poor ability to describe the terminologies used in marketing. Adequate ability to describe the terminologies used in marketing. Good ability to describe the terminologies used in marketing and able to give related examples. Very good ability to describe the terminologies used in marketing, to the extent of related applications in everyday business situation. 2.1. Explain the marketing terminologies used in the project. 3. Apply marketing concepts into marketing strategies in both local and international contexts. Poor ability to describe the fundamental concepts used in marketing. Adequate ability to describe the fundamental concepts used in marketing. Good ability to describe the fundamental concepts used in marketing and able to give related examples. Very good ability to describe the fundamental concepts used in marketing, to the extent of related applications in everyday business situation. 3.1. Explain marketing’s roles in companywide strategic planning. 4. Identify and explain the effects of marketing practices towards the community and the environment at large. Poor ability to describe the fundamental concepts used in marketing. Adequate ability to describe the fundamental concepts used in marketing. Good ability to describe the fundamental concepts used in marketing and able to give related examples. Very good ability to describe the fundamental concepts  used in marketing, to the extent of related applications in everyday business situation. 4.1. Explain the marketing plan used in the project. 5.Apply marketing mix and marketing strategy concept into a marketing plan. Poor ability to describe the fundamental concepts used in marketing. Adequate ability to describe the fundamental concepts used in marketing. Good ability to describe the fundamental concepts used in marketing and able to give related examples. Very good ability to describe the fundamental concepts used in marketing, to the extent of related applications in everyday business situation. 5.1. Explain the marketing plan used in the project. 5.2. Fluency of presentation. 5.3. Time management. 1. Describe the roles of marketing and marketing strategy in business value creation. Poor ability to describe the fundamental concepts of marketing strategy and marketing mix. Adequate ability to describe the fundamental concepts of marketing strategy and marketing mix. Good ability to describe the fundamental concepts of marketing strategy and marketing mix and able to give related examples. Very good ability to describe the fundamental concepts of marketing strategy and marketing mix, to the extent of related applications in everyday business situation. 1.1. Executive Summary. 1.2. Introduction. 2. 2. Use appropriate terminologies in marketing activities and business environment. Poor ability to describe the fundamental concepts used in marketing. Adequate ability to describe the fundamental concepts used in marketing. Good ability to describe the fundamental concepts used in marketing and able to give related examples. Very good ability to describe the fundamental concepts used in marketing, to the extent of related applications in everyday business situation. 2.1. Introduction. 2.2. Body 2.3Conclusion 3. Apply marketing concepts into marketing strategies in both local and international contexts. Poor ability to describe the fundamental concepts used in marketing. Adequate ability to describe the fundamental concepts used in marketing. Good ability to describe the fundamental concepts used in marketing and able to give related examples. Very good ability to describe the fundamental concepts used in marketing, to the extent of related applications in everyday business situation. 3.1. Discussion of marketing concepts used in the project. 3.2. Application of marketing concepts in findings 4. Identify and explain the effects of marketing practices towards the community and the environment at large. Poor ability to describe the fundamental concepts used in marketing. Adequate ability to describe the fundamental concepts used in marketing. Good ability to describe the fundamental concepts used in marketing and able to give related examples. Very good ability to describe the fundamental concepts used in marketing, to the extent of related applications in everyday business situation. 4.1. Discussion of the effects of marketing practices in the project. 5.Apply marketing mix and marketing strategy concept into a marketing plan. Poor ability to describe the fundamental concepts used in marketing. Adequate ability to describe the fundamental concepts used in marketing. Good ability to describe the fundamental concepts used in marketing and able to give related examples. Very good ability to describe the fundamental concepts used in marketing, to the extent of related applications in everyday business situation.

The nineteenth century in the US

The nineteenth century in the US had an unmistakable theme, immigration. Over 20 million immigrants, mostly European, came to the United States between 1820 and 1900. They came for a variety of reasons. Most came because the economies of many European countries were in crisis and workers had a very hard time finding work. As well, some fled religious and cultural persecution. Most of them decided to come to the US because of the opportunities they had heard abounded in the US. One immigrant put it well when he said, â€Å"We are in such bad shape and in need of so much that there is nothing left for us here, we must go. † Once they arrived in the US, the immigrants were seen as second class citizens by the vast majority of US citizens. As one American put it, â€Å"I can't understand those scum, those immigrants, for they talk differently and do things differently than I do. † The flood tide of Europeans also overwhelmed the limited charitable services available at the time. One historian referred to the settlement house movement as, â€Å"effective as bailing out the ocean with a teaspoon. Immigrants emigrated to America for the opportunity to improve themselves and found horrible working and living conditions that were a large price, although it was one they were willing to pay. Immigrants came to the US because of political persecution and economic hardships at home. Some European countries persecuted certain ethnic groups for no apparent reason. For example, both Yugoslavia and France blamed Jews for their economic problems. As the French Secretary of the Treasury put it, â€Å"Those Evil Jews who befoul our towns shall not work here, for they are second. Christians shall get the right. † Jews would get beaten by the police and as a result sought political asylum in the â€Å"land of the free†, the United States. It was also extremely difficult for many to get jobs in Europe where 50% of the workers were unemployed in some countries. The main exception was England which thrived on industry as the US did. Workers were encouraged to go to the US because of pamphlets that gave such promises as â€Å"Good work, a free life, a good life for all. † The demand of factory workers was constantly growing, and immigrants decided to take their chance. As one immigrant said, â€Å"We have nothing to lose, for we have nothing. The US is our greatest and only chance. † Immigrants came to the US expecting a higher standard of living but were forced into poor living and working conditions. The vast majority of immigrants, who lived in cities, lived in tenements. These were apartment buildings that were shabbily constructed and contained extremely small apartments. Twenty four to thirty two families were packed inside these six to eight storey structures, often referred to as dumbbell buildings due to the air shaft between the buildings that made them look like dumbbells from above. The residents were highly susceptible to disease, and life expectancy was significantly lower, by about 10 years, in these areas. Up to 4,000 people lived on some city blocks. Families had one, maybe two, small rooms. They had no privacy as the walls were thin as well. As one immigrant put it, â€Å"I can't even talk without my entire building knowing what I said, the walls are so thin. † Bathrooms were also usually outside, although around the turn of the century, some began to appear inside. Tenements were also susceptible to fires. Due to the required air shaft between buildings, the air got trapped which caused more fires. As the material that tenements were made of was very susceptible to fire, widespread fires were common. As one immigrant described it, â€Å"I watched it and as the flames struck it, the entire block seemed to go up in a flash. It was horrible. † Working conditions for the immigrants were also horrific. The immigrants generally did two kinds of work. The first were the jobs Americans wouldn†t do and the second were the unskilled jobs that almost any person, American or immigrant, could do. Immigrants were also willing to be paid less money for the same work. Immigrants were often used as strike breakers because many of them didn†t understand the concept of strikes since it wasn†t part of their culture. The immigrants saw these jobs as ones that had been abandoned and so they took them, provoking anger in Americans for â€Å"job stealing†. As Guillaume Fouchon said,†We do not strike because it challenges our honor. As well, in the old country, there were so few jobs and so many workers. † Also, immigrants misunderstood the process of striking because it was hard to organize people who spoke different languages. Immigrants also had very little in the way of political power. This was not much of a problem, however, for as one immigrant said, â€Å"I just want to succeed, and then I'll worry about how much political power I have. † With the exception of some groups like the Irish, the immigrants had no political power at first. However, near the turn of the century, immigrant votes became a factor as they represented 15% of the voting public in New York alone. This caused the immigrants to gain increased political power through the vote. The Chinese were often called the devils of the immigrants. They were different than all the other immigrant groups because they had a different complexion. As a result, they were subject to more prejudice. The Chinese, who mainly lived and worked in California, took many railroad jobs away from the preexisting Americans. This resulted in their being stoned and having their houses burned to the ground. Such actions were supported by both major parties. As a Democratic National Committee spokesman said, â€Å"We must fight to rid the earth of the evil Chinese. † This was significant because even the â€Å"party of the immigrants†, the Democrats, were against the Chinese. Also, most Chinese, unlike most Europeans, wanted to go to the US, earn money and then go back to China. The American public resented the Chinese and labeled them as a second-class race. As a result of all this prejudice, the Chinese were largely banned from immigrating. As Robert Ingersoll said, the Chinese were not allowed to follow the national progression that benefitted earlier immigrants. Immigrants hoped that by coming to America, they could still retain their culture which they were unable to do in large part due to the education system. Immigrants hoped that they could both move up socially to the same level as the Americans as well as keep their identity intact. When they first arrived, immigrants kept their cultural identity intact by creating ethnic neighborhoods such as Little Frances or Little Italies. These were places for people of one ethnic group, or even one town or one province, to retain their cultural values. These were very prominent, with 17 little Italies in Chicago alone. It was essential for these immigrants to have these places to attempt to avoid assimilation. As Italian immigrant Verduccio Marsongeri put it, â€Å"I need my little Italy because the old country is still so important to me. † In this way, the free education given in the US to most children, American or immigrant, was a mixed blessing. While it certainly prepared immigrant children for better jobs due to better education than their parents had had, education also resulted in a loss of cultural identity. Those children who were educated in the US were instilled with American and not old country values as well as English as the primary language. This was in fact an intended consequence of the education expansion, that the immigrant children be assimilated into American culture so as to eliminate the foreign influence on the US. While immigrants certainly didn†t want their children to be assimilated into American culture, they were willing to pay the price if it meant better education. This accounted largely for the 3 fold increase in students from 7 million in 1870 to 22 million in 1920, as well as a rise in participation from 57 to 78 percent. While the doors of primary education were open, the doors of higher education remained largely closed to the immigrant. Immigrants could go to some lower tier private colleges and state universities, but not in general to the big names such as Yale, Harvard or Stanford. Yet, still it was a major improvement for now the immigrants could be educated the same as Americans. In conclusion, the immigrants came to the US in search of opportunity but found harsh conditions. The opportunity and advances the immigrants made in the US came at a large price. Factory workers were not able to move up and were forced to work in horrid conditions for low pay. Many despaired and wanted to move back, but they couldn†t due to lack of money. Many more, however, willingly stayed. The real benefits of American opportunity and culture would be passed down to the succeeding generations. Overall, the immigration from the Europe and Asia to the US was the largest in world history. As Christa Jackstone, historian, said about the affect immigrants had on the US, â€Å"Immigration in the late 19th and early 20th century really made this country because they literally built this country. As the blacks had done in the years before the Civil War, the immigrants were doing the hard work behind the scenes while other people took credit for it. † Although the immigrants themselves paid a large price, they willingly took the first steps that would benefit future generations.

Jekyll And Hyde †what view of human nature does stevenson present in jekyll and hyde? Essay

In 1886, Robert Louis Stevenson wrote ‘The Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde’. It was a story about how a respectable, upper class man turned into a beast with no morals or dignity. It seemed that Stevenson wanted to show how good & evil could easily clash, much to Victorian society’s disgust. In the novel, he used many techniques and different situations to argue with society. He tried to prove human nature, and how everyone has two sides to him or her. It was around this time that Darwin had presented his theory of evolution to the world, and it is in ‘The Strange Case of Dr Jekyll & Mr Hyde’ that Stevenson presents his argument. Growing up in the Victorian era, Stevenson had a very strict, biased upbringing. He was born into a Presbyterian way of life, and was taught the values of the belief by his families nurse; this meant that he was taught to believe the bible and nothing that contradicts it. He was also taught to respect the rich, and frown upon the poor. This often came natural to Victorian society, there was either an upper class or a lower class, and nobody would dare say that these two could clash, as reputation was everything. Often people repressed their true feelings, because they wanted to protect their status in society, Stevenson didn’t like this. Charles Darwin presented his theory of evolution that men evolved from apes. This was known as ‘The Origin of the Species’. The Victorian people hated this as it went against their image and their religious beliefs, as they believed we came from God and that we didn’t evolve from apes. So, when Stevenson portrayed Hyde as a ‘troglodytic’ being, and Jekyll as a kind respected man, it obviously showed the view of the Victorian people. Stevenson always placed Hyde in the dark, crime-filled side of London, and Jekyll in the busy, vibrant side of London. So once again he associated the lower class with crime and dirt, and the upper class with being innocent and care giving. For example, Utterson quotes in Jekyll’s house † the plate was of silver, the napery elegant, a good picture hung upon the walls.† Yet, when Hyde is outside, London is described as † district of some city in a nightmare.† The division of personality in man fascinated Stevenson, he believed you could be good & evil, that man had two sides to him. In Jekyll & Hyde, Jekyll is portrayed as good, the novel shows this by stating â€Å"a large, well-made, smooth-faced man of fifty every mark a capacity of kindness†. This shows that Jekyll is a kind, giving man. Whereas, Hyde is portrayed as a strange, brutal man, this is shown by the quote â€Å"he gave a strong feeling of deformity† this shows that he wasn’t normal, and wasn’t quite man, something lower down the process of evolution, the Victorian people would have panicked at the idea of this, that evolution was suddenly turning backwards. So, Stevenson was obviously trying to present that a man can have two very different sides, that it was human nature. In the novel, he gives more than one example, of someone or something having an alter ego. For example, the narrator of the novel, Utterson, is immediately said to have two sides, for example in chapter one, he is said to be â€Å"lean, long, dusty, dreary and yet somehow lovable†. This quote shows that he has two sides to him, he is grumpy-looking and boring, yet he also gives the sense of being lovable, and caring. He is also a repressed character throughout the novel, much like Victorian society; it is as if Stevenson has channelled society through Utterson. Stevenson also tries to play with the idea that Enfield is his alter ego. It seems in the novel that although they have nothing in common, they are stuck together. Every Sunday, without fail, they go for a routine walk together. Once again he uses two characters or personalities to give his view on human nature. Throughout the novel, there are minor characters that Stevenson also used to give his view and everyone else’s view, on human nature, and the statutory division of society. For example, Hyde is firstly presented in the novel by the quote † with ape-like fury, he was trampling his victim under foot.† Here he is once again relating to Hyde and the lower class to being careless and heartless. By using the word ‘ape-like’ it is also insinuating that Hyde has gone right back to the start of evolution. Secondly, at the scene of Hyde’s first crime, the doctor states † there is something wrong with his appearance; something displeasing, something downright detestable.† This quote refers that more than one person in society detests Hyde, this shows a direct relationship with Darwin’s theory, and how that everyone in society hated the idea of human nature having two sides to it. Although, when Utterson goes to visit Hyde, the maid shows an interest in what he has done. It seems Stevenson is trying to show that although society had to repress their feelings, they secretly did have a sly interest in the wonder and concept of human nature. In Conclusion, Stevenson showed a lot about his thoughts and his view on human nature, and how society viewed it in a negative, demeaning way. He also showed how although the Victorian people put on an act of disgust, although they secretly showed an interest.

Climate Change Policy in a Globalizing World Essay - 1

Climate Change Policy in a Globalizing World - Essay Example According to the 4th assessment report, there is proof that Africa is warming quicker than the global average, and it is likely to persist. It is projected that by 2100, temperature changes will drop in ranges of about 1.4 to almost 5.8ËšC rise in mean surface temperature contrasted to 1900, and around 10 to 90cm increase in mean sea level. This warming is most over the heart of semi-arid boundaries of the Sahara also central southern Africa. Before the atmospheric amount of carbon dioxide equivalent has multiplied by two, the worlds mean precipitation is anticipated to be around 1-5 % more than 1900. Under the least warming situation, equatorial east Africa will have rainfall increase by 5-20 % during December, January as well as February and diminish by 5-10 % during June, July also August (Schreuder, 2009, p.39).Agricultural production with foodstuff security in most areas of Africa is likely to be strictly compromised by climate change, as well as climate variability. Climate c hange will deteriorate the water stress presently faced by some nations; while some of those nations, presently not at risk of water stress, will be affected. Changes in an array of ecosystems are by now being noticed faster than expected, mainly in the Southern African environments. Climate change and unpredictability could also lead to the flooding of low lying lands, comprising coastal settlements. Human health could also be more negatively affected by climate change with climate variability, for instance, there has been a rise in the frequency of malaria in southern Africa as well as East African highlands. These unfavorable effects together with poverty, institutional frameworks and Poor policy, cause Africa to be one of the most susceptible continents to climate change as well as climate variability.